What Application Should I Use?
After determining that there is a spatial aspect to your research question, you will want to know what kind of application is best suited to your needs. Applications like ArcMap, QGIS and Maptitude can be very time-intensive, especially in the data capture and analysis phases. If you want a simple visualization without too much analysis you can use applications like Excel to generate very basic maps like the one shown below:
One of the draw backs of a program like Excel is that is works only with a limited range of spatial data like counties, states and countries.
For more detailed visualizations and any type of analysis you can move forward with using a more robust GIS application listed below.
Proprietary
Open Source