Artificial intelligence is becoming a very valuable tool in topic brainstorming, writing enhancement, and interdisciplinary synthesis. However, many AI platforms like ChatGPT have accuracy and reliability issues, and are too often regarded as authoritative sources while generating citations that are nonexistent or irrelevant, making it challenging for researchers to locate relaible information.
AI implementation and use also faces issues with bias and misinformation due to the nature of its training data. AI models can be trained on skewed, incomplete or otherwise compromised datasets, and result in similarly compromised outputs. Also, AI can be manipulated to spread false or misleading information. So, for example, a malicious actor could fabricate a news article and use AI to generate content that reinforces its claims, making it difficult to differentiate between real and fake news.
Efforts to mitigate bias in AI have sometimes led to overcorrections, where certain communities are excluded from data integration altogether. Users must approach AI-generated content with critical thinking, verify information through reliable sources, and implement strategies to mitigate bias and misinformation in academic and research settings.
"It’s all very meta, but according to a new paper from Stanford scholars, there’s just one (very big) problem: The detectors are not particularly reliable. Worse yet, they are especially unreliable when the real author (a human) is not a native English speaker."
Chatbots: Pity the chatbot. The derided “computer says no” tool that seemed to be known more for blocking direct human interaction with shops, banks, airlines, and insurance companies has finally found affection, and an extraordinary amount of free publicity, via OpenAI’s ChatGPT.
IT HAS BEEN said that algorithms are “opinions embedded in code.” Few people understand the implications of that better than Abeba Birhane. Born and raised in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Birhane moved to Ireland to study: first psychology, then philosophy, then a PhD in cognitive science at University College Dublin.
How global workers, influencers, and activists develop tactics of algorithmic resistance by appropriating and repurposing the same algorithms that control our lives.
The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has seen significant advancements in recent years, thanks in large part to the development of powerful language models such as ChatGPT. ChatGPT, short for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large-scale neural language model developed by OpenAI that is capable of generating human-like responses to natural language input. With its impressive performance on a range of language tasks, ChatGPT has quickly become one of the most widely used language models in NLP research and application
It’s hard to believe that ChatGPT appeared on the scene just three months ago, promising to transform how we write. The chatbot, easy to use and trained on vast amounts of digital text, is now pervasive. Higher education, rarely quick about anything, is still trying to comprehend the scope of its likely impact on teaching — and how it should respond.
ChatGPT is not only fun to chat with, but it also searches information, answers questions, and gives advice. With consistent moral advice, it can improve the moral judgment and decisions of users. Unfortunately, ChatGPT’s advice is not consistent. Nonetheless, it does influence users’ moral judgment, we find in an experiment, even if they know they are advised by a chatting bot, and they underestimate how much they are influenced.
Aside from stringing together human-like, fluid English language sentences, one of ChatGPT’s biggest skillsets seems to be getting things wrong. In the pursuit of generating passable paragraphs, the AI-program fabricates information and bungles facts like nobody’s business. Unfortunately, tech outlet CNET decided to make AI’s mistakes its business.
America is in a crisis of trust and truth. Bad information has become as prevalent, persuasive, and persistent as good information, creating a chain reaction of harm. It makes any health crisis more deadly. It slows down response time on climate change. It undermines democracy.
A very strange conversation with the chatbot built into Microsoft’s search engine led to it declaring its love for me.
Just like how the Internet dramatically changed the way we access information and connect with each other, AI technology is now revolutionizing the way we build and interact with software. As the world watches new tools such as ChatGPT, Google’s Bard, and Microsoft Bing, emerging into everyday use, it’s hard not to think of the science fiction novels that not so subtly warn against the dangers of human intelligence mingling with artificial intelligence. Society is in a scramble to understand all the possible benefits and pitfalls that can result from this new technological breakthrough. ChatGPT will arguably revolutionize life as we know it, but what are the potential side effects of this revolution?
The remarkable progress made and the apparent user preferences for direct answers, this paradigm shift comes at a price which is higher than one might expect at first sight, affecting both users and search engine developers in their own way.
Researchers used ChatGPT to produce clean, convincing text that repeated conspiracy theories and misleading narratives.
Given that a majority of LMs’ training data is scraped from the Web without informing content owners, their reiteration of words, phrases, and even core ideas from training sets into generated texts has ethical implications. Their patterns are likely to exacerbate as both the size of LMs and their training data increase, raising concerns about indiscriminately pursuing larger models with larger training corpora. Plagiarized content can also contain individuals’ personal and sensitive information.
The U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Technology released a new report, Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations, this week. The report acknowledges that the rapid pace of artificial intelligence (AI) advances is impacting society and summarizes opportunities and risks for AI in teaching, learning, research, and assessment. AI enables new forms of interaction among students, teachers and computers by way of voice, gestures, sketches and other human modes of communication, according to the report. These new forms may be leveraged to, for example, support students with disabilities, provide an additional “partner” for students working on collaborative assignments or help a teacher with complex classroom routines.
Recent breakthroughs in natural language processing (NLP) have permitted the synthesis and comprehension of coherent text in an open-ended way, therefore translating the theoretical algorithms into practical applications.
Historically, the majority of digital assistants, including chatbots, have been assigned names, voices, visual representations, and even "personalities" that are stereotypically feminine and reflect patriarchal ideology. This cross-sectional descriptive study of chatbots associated with large academic libraries in the United States found that there are few extant library chatbots, and in a major departure from trends, there are even fewer that are gendered. This is promising, in that it signals-whether intentionally or not-that the practices of creators and adopters are countering entrenched tendencies to typecast digital assistants as women, which may signal more feminist and gender-inclusive technology design to come
AI hallucination is a phenomenon wherein a large language model (LLM)—often a generative AI chatbot or computer vision tool—perceives patterns or objects that are nonexistent or imperceptible to human observers, creating outputs that are nonsensical or altogether inaccurate.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a topic on everyone’s mind. From ALA’s Annual Conference to the halls of Congress and even the White House, everyone seems to have an opinion on this technology and, moreover, intense worry about what it portends for the future. Alongside the need for regulations on AI, there are also complex ethical implications involved with this issue. Ahead of TIE‘s webinar “Inclusive and Ethical AI for Academic Libraries,” this resource list is intended to expand the discussion on the ethical implications and potential shortfalls of different AI technologies while enabling readers to envision more ethical outcomes.
The publishers of thousands of scientific journals have banned or restricted contributors’ use of an advanced AI-driven chatbot amid concerns that it could pepper academic literature with flawed and even fabricated research.
As AI technologies are rolled out into healthcare, academia, human resources, law, and a multitude of other domains, they become de-facto arbiters of truth. But truth is highly contested, with many different definitions and approaches. This article discusses the struggle for truth in AI systems and the general responses to date. It then investigates the production of truth in InstructGPT, a large language model, highlighting how data harvesting, model architectures, and social feedback mechanisms weave together disparate understandings of veracity. It conceptualizes this performance as an operationalization of truth, where distinct, often conflicting claims are smoothly synthesized and confidently presented into truth-statements.
What does it mean when an AI chatbot refuses to answer a question? It may be a sign of a guardrail or safeguard put in place to prevent the AI from providing incorrect or even malicious information. But what if the question is innocuous or even purely informational?
Architects of Intelligence
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How will AI evolve and what major innovations are on the horizon? What will its impact be on the job market, economy, and society? What is the path toward human-level machine intelligence? What should we be concerned about as artificial intelligence advances? Architects of Intelligence contains a series of in-depth, one-to-one interviews where New York Times bestselling author, Martin Ford, uncovers the truth behind these questions from some of the brightest minds in the Artificial Intelligence community. Martin has wide-ranging conversations with twenty-three of the world's foremost researchers and entrepreneurs working in AI and robotics: Demis Hassabis (DeepMind), Ray Kurzweil (Google), Geoffrey Hinton (Univ. of Toronto and Google), Rodney Brooks (Rethink Robotics), Yann LeCun (Facebook), Fei-Fei Li (Stanford and Google), Yoshua Bengio (Univ. of Montreal), Andrew Ng (AI Fund), Daphne Koller (Stanford), Stuart Russell (UC Berkeley), Nick Bostrom (Univ. of Oxford), Barbara Grosz (Harvard), David Ferrucci (Elemental Cognition), James Manyika (McKinsey), Judea Pearl (UCLA), Josh Tenenbaum (MIT), Rana el Kaliouby (Affectiva), Daniela Rus (MIT), Jeff Dean (Google), Cynthia Breazeal (MIT), Oren Etzioni (Allen Institute for AI), Gary Marcus (NYU), and Bryan Johnson (Kernel). Martin Ford is a prominent futurist, and author of Financial Times Business Book of the Year, Rise of the Robots. He speaks at conferences and companies around the world on what AI and automation might mean for the future.
Artificial Intelligence : Ethical, Social and Security Impacts for the Present and the Future
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A global perspective on AI AI is much more than just a simple tool powering our smartphones or allowing us to ask Alexa about the latest cinema times. It is a technology that is, in very subtle but unmistakable ways, exerting an ever-increasing influence over our lives - and the more we use it, the more AI is altering our existence. The rise of AI and super-intelligent AI raises ethical issues. AI is the power behind Google's search engine, enables social media sites to serve up targeted advertising, and gives Alexa and Siri their voices. It is also the technology enabling self-driving vehicles, predictive policing, and autonomous weapons that have the ability to kill without direct human intervention. All of these bring up complex ethical issues that are still unresolved and will continue to be the subject of ongoing debate. There are untold how-to books on AI technology, replete with methods to improve and advance the statistics and algorithms of AI; however, the social, ethical and security impacts are often at best a secondary consideration - if discussed at all. This book explores the complex topic of AI ethics in a cross-functional way, alternating between theory and practice. Practical and recent events, and their associated challenges, are presented, such as the collateral effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the application of AI technologies. The book also gives an up-to-date overview of the potential positive and negative outcomes of AI implementations together with an analysis of AI from an ethical perspective. Before you dive into a world populated with AI, read this book to understand the associated ethical challenges of AI technologies
The Artificial Intelligence Imperative
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This practical guide to artificial intelligence and its impact on industry dispels common myths and calls for cross-sector, collaborative leadership for the responsible design and embedding of AI in the daily work of businesses and oversight by boards. Artificial intelligence has arrived, and it's coming to a business near you. The disruptive impact of AI on the global economy—from health care to energy, financial services to agriculture, and defense to media—is enormous. Technology literacy is a must for traditional businesses, their boards, policy makers, and governance professionals. This is the first book to explain where AI comes from, why it has emerged as one of the most powerful forces in mergers and acquisitions and research and development, and what companies need to do to implement it successfully. It equips business leaders with a practical roadmap for competing and even thriving in the face of the coming AI revolution. The authors analyze competitive trends, provide industry and governance examples, and explain interactions between AI and other digital technologies, such as blockchain, cybersecurity, and the Internet of Things. At the same time, AI experts will learn how their research and products can increase the competitiveness of their businesses, and corporate boards will come away with a thorough knowledge of the AI governance, ethics, and risk questions to ask.
Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms
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Autonomous weapons systems seem to be on the path to becoming accepted technologies of warfare. The weaponization of artificial intelligence raises questions about whether human beings will maintain control of the use of force. The notion of meaningful human control has become a focus of international debate on lethal autonomous weapons systems among members of the United Nations: many states have diverging ideas about various complex forms of human-machine interaction and the point at which human control stops being meaningful.In Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norms Ingvild Bode and Hendrik Huelss present an innovative study of how testing, developing, and using weapons systems with autonomous features shapes ethical and legal norms, and how standards manifest and change in practice. Autonomous weapons systems are not a matter for the distant future – some autonomous features, such as in air defence systems, have been in use for decades. They have already incrementally changed use-of-force norms by setting emerging standards for what counts as meaningful human control. As UN discussions drag on with minimal progress, the trend towards autonomizing weapons systems continues.A thought-provoking and urgent book, Autonomous Weapons Systems and International Norm s provides an in-depth analysis of the normative repercussions of weaponizing artificial intelligence.
A Blueprint for the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Technologies
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The technology of Artificial Intelligence is here, and moving fast, without ethical standards in place. A Blueprint for the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Technologies leans on classical western philosophy for its ethical grounding. Values such as conscience, rights, equity, and discrimination, establish a basis for regulatory standards. Multiple international agencies with governing interests are compared.The development of ethical standards is suggested through two new non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The first is to develop standards that evolve from practice, while the second acts as an ombudsman to settle abuse. Both NGOs are envisioned to cooperate with regulators. More than seeking a perfect solution, the book aims to balance the tension between conflicting interests, with the goal to keep this dangerously wonderful technology under global human control. For that to materialize, the technology needs to have a seat on the table of global ethics. The final chapter lists fourteen thinking points to achieve an ethics balance for new technologies.
Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age
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Since the publication of the first edition in 1997, there have been tremendous changes in the fields of computer science and information sciences. During this period, we have become more dependent than ever before on computer and telecommunication technology. As we, both individually and as nations, become more dependent on cyberspace technology, it has itself become a critical component of individual nation’s security infrastructures that control power grids, gas and oil storage facilities, transportation, and all forms of communication, including emergency services. The recent rise in cyber attacks—many of them with lightning speed, - fecting millions of computers worldwide, and causing billions of dollars in losses both to individuals and businesses—is an indication of how unprepared we are to handle such attacks not only today but also in the future. Such - tacks are a mark of the poor state of our cyberspace security policies. The facts that there are no signs to indicate there is going to be a slowdown in such - tacks, and that nations are not doing anything worth calling preventive, has heightened the need for an effective strategy to produce responsible professionals who can play an active role in the fight against computer and cyber - tacks and vandalism.
The Global Bioethics of Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights
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Human annihilation has never been so easy. Artificial intelligence-guided genetic-engineered nanotechnology and robotics (AI-GNR) are widely recognized as our most transformative technological revolution ever, yet we do not even have a common moral language to unite our pluralistic world to prevent an AI apocalypse should this revolution explode out of our control. This book is the first known comprehensive global bioethical analysis of AI and AI-GNR by defining the Thomistic-Aristotelian personalist foundation of the rights and duties-based social contract framework of the United Nations, and then applying it to AI. As such, it creates a compelling approach which will appeal to scientists, health professionals, policy makers, politicians, students, and anyone interested in our shared survival around shared solution
Living with Robots
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Living with Robots recounts a foundational shift in the field of robotics, from artificial intelligence to artificial empathy, and foreshadows an inflection point in human evolution. Today's robots engage with human beings in socially meaningful ways, as therapists, trainers, mediators, caregivers, and companions. Social robotics is grounded in artificial intelligence, but the field's most probing questions explore the nature of the very real human emotions that social robots are designed to emulate. Social roboticists conduct their inquiries out of necessity--every robot they design incorporates and tests a number of hypotheses about human relationships. Paul Dumouchel and Luisa Damiano show that as roboticists become adept at programming artificial empathy into their creations, they are abandoning the conventional conception of human emotions as discrete, private, internal experiences. Rather, they are reconceiving emotions as a continuum between two actors who coordinate their affective behavior in real time. Rethinking the role of sociability in emotion has also led the field of social robotics to interrogate a number of human ethical assumptions, and to formulate a crucial political insight: there are simply no universal human characteristics for social robots to emulate. What we have instead is a plurality of actors, human and nonhuman, in noninterchangeable relationships. As Living with Robots shows, for social robots to be effective, they must be attentive to human uniqueness and exercise a degree of social autonomy. More than mere automatons, they must become social actors, capable of modifying the rules that govern their interplay with humans.
The Machine Question
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An investigation into the assignment of moral responsibilities and rights to intelligent and autonomous machines of our own making.
Made by Humans
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AI can be all too human: quick to judge, capable of error, vulnerable to bias. It's made by humans after all. Humans design the systems and tools that make new forms of AI faster. Humans are the data sources that make AI smarter. Humans will make decisions about how to use AI. The laws and standards, the tools, the ethics. Who benefits. Who gets hurt. Made by Humans explores our role in automation and the responsibilities we must take on. Roaming from Australia to the UK and the US, Broad talks to world-leading experts in AI and history about what we need to do next. A personal, thought-provoking examination of humans as data and humans as the designers of systems that try to understand us.
Roboethics
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This volume explores the ethical questions that arise in the development, creation and use of robots that are capable of semiautonomous or autonomous decision making and human-like action. It examines how ethical and moral theories can and must be applied to address the complex and critical issues of the application of these intelligent robots in society. Coverage first presents fundamental concepts and provides a general overview of ethics, artificial intelligence and robotics. Next, the book studies all principal ethical applications of robots, namely medical, assistive, socialized and war roboethics. It looks at such issues as robotic surgery, children-robot and elderly-robot therapeutical/social interactions and the use of robots, especially autonomous lethal ones, in warfare. In addition, a chapter also considers Japanese roboethics as well as key intercultural and robot legislation issues. Overall, readers are provided with a thorough investigation into the moral responsibility (if any) of autonomous robots when doing harm. This volume will serve as an ideal educational source in engineering and robotics courses as well as an introductory reference for researchers in the field.
Spiritualities, Ethics, and Implications of Human Enhancement and Artificial Intelligence
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